Crime and Gangster Films Free Essays

The gangster genre rose in popularity during the 1930s and most historians locate the beginning of its classical phase at this time. The gangster films became an excellent system to exhibit cinema’s sound capacities: ballistic machine gun fire, screeching tires and sharp streets electrified the screen. The rise also coincided with historical conditions of Prohibition, such as notorious real gangsters, like Al Capone, and violent outbreak, such as the St. We will write a custom essay sample on Crime and Gangster Films or any similar topic only for you Order Now Valentine’s Day Massacre in 1929. They are developed around the malignant actions of Gangsters such as bank robbers, underworld bosses, or ruthless criminals who disobey the law, violently murdering and stealing their way through life. Gangster stories often highlight the life of a gangster figure or victims of the gangster. They sometimes also portray the rise and fall of gangsters through their personal power struggle and conflict with the law, or competing gangsters. Headline-grabbing situations, real-life gangsters, or crime news have often been used in crime films. Gangster/crime films are usually set in large, jam-packed cities, to provide a view of the covert world of the gangster: contraband, dark nightclubs or streets with flashy neon signs, super cars, tons of cash, bars, run down homes or boarding houses. Unusual locations for crimes often add an element of adventure and wealth. Writers conjured up appropriate gangland lingo for the tales, such as â€Å"tommy guns† or â€Å"molls. † Film gangsters are usually selfish, street-smart, corrupt, and self-destructive. Rivalry with other criminals in gangster warfare is often a significant plot characteristic. Crime plots also include questions such as how the criminal will be seized by police, detectives, special agents or legal authorities, or mysteries such as who stole the valued object. They rise to power with a tough cruel facade while showing an ambitious desire for success and recognition, but underneath they can express sensitivity and gentleness. Howard Hawk’s Scarface: The Shame of A Nation was a brutal film in the crime genre. The star was Paul Muni as a hoodlum in the Prohibition-Era Chicago. The film depicted twenty eight deaths and was the first movie to use a machine gun. This violent production caught the attention of the Hays Code. Ultimately, the debate lead to the new Hays Production Code which censored such violent acts in films. After this censoring, the focus went more on the good side of the law. They glorified the cops, federal agent, and detectives, while putting a gray shade on them as though they were good gangsters. They would use brutal methods to capture criminals. The end of the Second World War and the loosening of censor codes gave the blood and violence back to the crime and gangster genre. Arthur Penn’s Bonnie and Clyde set new standards for violent behavior. The film’s graphic finale showed the very sadistic end of the gangster lovers. Directors also took a new take on the expected image of the gangsters. The Mafia had taken over and gangster films were never the same. If the 1930s were about the rise and fall of the gangster, the 1970s Mafia were about the rise and continuous rise of the Mafia family. The American dream had been achieved by the previous ‘losers’. Francis Ford Coppola’s directed Mario Puzzo’s bestselling novel The Godfather, The Godfather Part II, and eventually The Godfather Part III. It was a classic particularly in its rich portrayal of the Mafia family. The films showed a different side of the gangland as a tightly knit family that is run more like a business than a vague operation. Other 1970s films showed the other side of the force in the violent and abusive tactics of the detectives trying to catch criminals. Clint Eastwood starred as the detective known as â€Å"Dirty† Harry Callahan who took down criminals with an over-sized Magnum. Gangster stories are a barometer of our society. Although, we try desperately to ignore the dark side to what we wish to be a civilized society, gangster and crime films show us the thinness of that civility. . Gangsters and criminals, and the way we portray them on film, show how we are really close to that beast inside. How to cite Crime and Gangster Films, Papers

Taxation Ruling Financial Income Year

Question: Discuss about the Report for Taxation Ruling of Financial Income Year. Answer: 1. Issue The critical issue in this case is to examine the tax residency status of Juliette for the income year FY2015 and FY2016 based on the tax ruling TR 98/17 and other relevant rulings and legislations. Rule According to the tax law of Australia, the tax residency of persons can be determined with reference to the norms described in the subsection 6(1) of ITAA, 1936. There are certain specific tests in order to decide the tax residency of an individual for a particular financial or income year which are defined in the tax ruling TR 98/17 (ATO, 1998), There are four major tax residency tests that are available to ascertain the tax residency status of an individual in Australia Domicile Test 183 Day Test Residency Test Superannuation Test If the concerned individual satisfies any of the above mentioned tests of tax residency, then he/she would be considered as Australian tax resident for that particular assessment period. The imperative condition in this scenario is that these residency tests will examine the tax residency of the concerned person for the same financial year and not for next year or for past year. Hence, it can be said that these residency test need to be applied on an annual basis considering the various facts (Gilders et. al., 2015). A brief discussion about these residency tests is described below Domicile Test It also termed as Abode Test as per the tax ruling. This test is applicable for those persons, who have Australian domicile but are currently residing on the foreign territory due to the involvement in the personal or professional commitments or other specific purposes. There are two essential conditions that must be satisfied by the individual in order to pass domicile test (Nethercott, Richardson Devos, 2016). The concerned person must have Australian domicile according to the norms of Domicile Act, 1972. The person should have a permanent residence with in Australian region as discussed in Levene v. I.R.C.(1928) A.C.217 Hence, if the concerned person has fulfilled the above conditions of domicile test, then in such cases he/she will be declared as a tax resident of Australia for that particular financial year. The location of the permanent abode of the concerned tax resident is also a pivotal element that would be taken into consideration. These elements are highlighted in the tax ruling IT 2650. The Tax Commissioner also follows this tax ruling to determine the location of permanent abode taking all case facts into cognizance (Barkoczy, 2015). 183-Day Test There are two major provisions of 183 day test highlighted in tax ruling that must be satisfied by the concerned person in regards to pass 183-Day test (CCH, 2015). The concerned person must reside in Australian territory for a minimum period of 183 days in the given financial year. It is not essential that this stay is of continuous basis and may be conducted with breaks. There should not be any doubt by the concerned income tax authority i.e. Tax Commissioner in regards to the willingness on the part of the concerned person to make Australia as a permanent residence place in future. It is not essential that the present intent must be satisfied in future, but the intent and willingness to reside in Australia on permanent basis is essential. If any of the above mentioned provision is not satisfied from the part of the concerned individual then, this test cannot be passed to ascertain the tax residency (Sadiq et. al., 2015). Residency Test The essential factors of residency test as per the highlighted part of tax ruling are discussed below (Hodgson, Mortimer and Butler, 2016). Prime intention to reside in Australian Territory Personal and Professional Relations in Australia Fixed assets in Australia Social interactions A brief outline about the above highlighted factors, which are considered the pivotal factors in order to examine the tax residency of the concerned individual, is presented below. Prime intention to reside in Australian Territory It has been observed that there are many reasons for the taxpayer to reside in the Australian territory but the prime intent or main reason is accountable in order to apply the residency test. For example, any temporary abode caused by travelling cannot be the taken into consideration as it would be insignificant.. If educational or employment commitment is the main objective to reside in Australia, than this can be assumed significant under this test. It indicates the willingness on the part of the concerned person to make permanent residence in Australia in upcoming future. The duration of stay in Australia is another crucial element in this regards which is highlighted in the FC of T v. Pechey 75 ATC 4083; (1975) 5 ATR case. Any employment for a shorter period will not be liable for an Australian tax residency due to its insignificant duration of stay (Deutsch et. al., 2015). Personal and Professional Relation The nature of the ties that the concerned taxpayer has in Australia is imperative factor. This factor also depends on the relation of the taxpayer with the country of origin. This was highlighted in the Peel vs The Commissioners of Inland Revenue (1927) 13 TC 443 case. The nature of the tie on the part of the concerned taxpayer can be professional level or personal level. This indicates the extent of willigness of the taxpayer to make a permanent abode in Australia in the near future (Barkoczy, 2015). Fixed assets in Australia This factor of tax residency involves the number of fixed asset maintained by the concerned taxpayer, who is inhabiting in Australian territory and it can be viewed in the judgment of The Commissioners of Inland Revenue v. F L Brown (1926) 11 TC 292 case. Retaining high amounts of fixed asset in Australia highlights the long term plan of the individual to stay in Australia (Gilders et. al., 2015). Social Relations The exclusive participation in social occasions in order to develop social relations with the residents and also by taking the membership of clubs and community firms showed the involvement of the concerned taxpayer in the social sphere. This also suggests the willingness on the part of the taxpayer to stay in Australia for long term. If the living life style of the individual in Australia is similar to that in country of origin, then also it implies that the Australian tax residency be conferred (Sadiq et. al., 2015). Superannuation Test This test is applicable only for Australian government officers and employees, who are residing on foreign land. Their tax residency can be obtained on the basis of the involvement of the officers in either of the below mentioned superannuation schemes of government (CCH, 2015). PSSS (Public Sector Superannuation Scheme) CSS (Commonwealth Superannuation Scheme). Application Facts about the case: In this particular case study, Juliette was a well-known dancer whose country of origin is England. A United State based company enacted an employment contract with Juliette in England. The contract was in regards to offer choreography for a new stage musical show at a private theatre located in Australia. The contract was of two years starting from 15 March 2015 to 15 March 2017. It was decided that the company will credit the payment of AUD $70,000 after every six month of employment in the Swiss bank account of Juliette. The employment was stated to start in March, 2015. However, she came to Australia in the month of February, 2015 in order to make a bus trip to visit Australia. She had to return back to England in the same month due to unexpected health issue of her mother. On May 1, 2015 she came back for fulfilling her contractual obligations. Over a period of time, she was in love with a co-choreographer (Romeo) in the same company and leased a small flat situated in Sydney. I n August, 2015 she purchased a flat and in September 1, 2015 got married with Romeo and started residing there with Romeo. After some time of marriage, she again went to England due to her mother illness in October 15, 2015. She stayed there with her mother till April 14, 2016. She came back to Australia then since her mother had passed away Determination of tax residency status of Juliette based on the tax residency tests is indicated below. For the period of 2014-2015 Domicile test cannot apply in this case because Juliette does not possess Australian domicile. According to the figures given in the case, it has observed that Juliette has spent only three months in Australian territory in the time duration 2014-2015. Hence, she has spent only three month in a particular financial year also she was not involved in any personal tie or relation in Australia. Additionally, she did not own any fixed asset in Australia in this duration. Therefore, Juliette cannot fulfil the requisite of residency test. Juliette did not stay in Australia for the minimum duration of 183 days. Hence, 183-Day test is not applicable in this scenario. Juliette is not a government employee of Australia, hence this test also not applicable. 2.) For the period of 2015-2016 Domicile test cannot apply in this case also, since she does not possess Australian domicile. It has observed from the mentioned information that Juliette was involved in the personal as well as profession relation during the period of 2015-2016. She got married to Romeo and also she was performing her employment commitments with the help of Romeo, when she was taking care of her mother in England. Beside this, she also bought a house in Australia where she was residing with husband Romeo. Hence, it is apparent that the facts above tend to satisfy the essential conditions that are required to pass this particular residency test. She spent 183 days in Australia which can be calculated from the below figure (Duration from July 1, 2016 to October 15, 2016)+ (Duration from April15, 2016 to June 30, 2016) = 183 days Also, her mother got expired in England, which was her country of origin which is why she had to go to England. Hence, there was no intent on the part of Juliette to reside in her country of origin. She was willing to settle on permanent basis in Australia with her husband Romeo and had also bought a house in Australia. Hence 183-Day test is also satisfied based on the above arguments Superannuation test fails in this case, because Juliette was not a government employee of Australia. Conclusion Based on the above analysis of the case, it can be concluded that during the time period of 2014-2015, Juliette cannot be considered as Australian tax resident due to the failure of all four respective residency tests of tax highlighted in the tax ruling TR 98/17. Although, Juliette is termed as an Australian tax resident for the time period 2015-2016, because she has passed both residency test and 183 day test described in the tax ruling TR 98/17. 2. As per the case details, George has a rental property and the objective is to derive this rental propertys income statement taking into consideration all the deductions available on account of repairs and maintenance, other expenses, capital works deductions and depreciation. This is summarised as shown below (ATO, 2015). Calculations The relevant calculations are summarised below. Management Commission is 5% of the income = (0.05)*13900 = $ 695 Deduction for capital works in on account of longer lasting roof replacement = (0.025)*15000 = $ 375 The depreciation schedule for the property is shown below. The explanation with regards to the various items that are used for computation of rental income is given below. In the given case, the damaged roof is not repaired but replaced with a new roof which has an additional life. This would imply capital spending instead of repairs in line with IT 2167 made for the increasing the value of the building and also its life. As a result, deduction would be available on this cost @ 2.5% per annum for 40 years (ATO, 2015). The expenses that the taxpayer incurs in regards to the rental property management would be deductible and therefore the management commission deduction has been claimed in the rental property income statement (ATO, 2015). The general expenses related to rental property repair and maintenance are deductible provided the damage is on account of renting or damage in any natural calamity. Here such costs have been included as part of expenses to compute the net income from property (Taxation Ruling TR 97/23) The decline in the value of the assets of the property has been calculated as shown in the depreciation schedule above and it has been done in accordance with the prime method. The ATO allows deduction for this provided all the assets are qualified assets which is true in the given case. Also, it is noteworthy that for assets whose total cost is lower than $ 300, then instead of following the prime method, the total cost could be claimed as depreciation only when the property is bought (ATO, 2016) References ATO (1998), Taxation Ruling TR 98/17. Retrieved on August 20, 2016 from https://law.ato.gov.au/atolaw/view.htm?Docid=TXR/TR9817/NAT/ATO/00001 ATO (2015), Rental Properties 2015, Retrieved on August 20, 2016 from https://www.ato.gov.au/uploadedFiles/Content/MEI/downloads/Rental-properties-2015.pdf ATO (2016), Rental Property Expenses, Retrieved on August 20, 2016 from https://www.ato.gov.au/Individuals/Income-and-deductions/In-detail/Investments,-including-rental-properties/Rental-property-expenses/ Barkoczy,S. (2015), Foundation of Taxation Law 2015,North Ryde: CCH Publications, CCH (2015), Australian Master Tax Guide 2015, Sydney: CCH Australia Limited Deutsch, R., Freizer, M., Fullerton, I., Hanley, P. and Snape, T. (2015), Australian tax handbook, Pymont: Thomson Reuters Gilders, F., Taylor, J., Walpole, M., Burton, M. and Ciro, T. (2015), Understanding taxation law 2015, LexisNexis/Butterworths. Hodgson, H., Mortimer, C. and Butler, J. (2016), Tax Questions and Answers 2016, Sydney, NSW, Australia: Thomson Reuters. Nethercott, L., Richardson, G. Devos, K. (2016), Australian Taxation Study Manual 2016, Sydney, NSW, Australia: Oxford University Press Sadiq, K., Coleman, C., Hanegbi, R., Jogarajan, S., Krever, R., Obst, W. and Ting, A. (2015),Principles of Taxation Law 2015,Pymont:Thomson Reuters Tax rulings, Legislations and Cases Income Tax Assessment Act, ITAA, 1936 Income Tax Assessment Act, ITAA, 1997 Domicile Act 1972 Taxation Ruling TR 98/17 Taxation Ruling TR 97/23 Income tax ruling IT 2650 Income tax ruling IT 2167 FC of T v. Pechey 75 ATC 4083; (1975) 5 ATR Levene v. I.R.C.(1928) A.C.217 Peel vs The Commissioners of Inland Revenue (1927) 13 TC 443 The Commissioners of Inland Revenue v. F L Brown (1926) 11 TC 292

Hamlet (Revenge) Essays - Characters In Hamlet,

Hamlet (Revenge) Revenge. Revenge causes one to act blindly through anger, rather than through reason. It is based on the principle of an eye for an eye, but this principle is not always an intelligent theory to live by. Young Fortinbras, Laertes, and Hamlet were all looking to avenge the deaths of their fathers. They all acted on emotion, and this led to the downfall of two, and the rise to power of one. Since the Heads of the three major families were each murdered, the eldest sons of these families swore vengeance, and two of the three sons died while exacting their acts of vengeance, revenge is a major theme in the Tragedy of Hamlet. There were three major families in the Tragedy of Hamlet. These were the family of King Fortinbras, the family of Polonius, and the family of King Hamlet. The heads of each of these families are all slaughtered within the play. Fortinbras, King of Norway, was killed by King Hamlet; slain by sword during a man to man battle. "?our valiant Hamlet-for so this side of our known world esteem'd him-did slay this Fortinbras." This entitled King Hamlet to the land that was possessed by Fortinbras because it was written in a seal'd compact. Polonius was an advisor to the King, and father to Laertes and Ophelia. He was nosy and arrogant, and he did not trust his children. He was killed by Young Hamlet while he was eves dropping on a conversation between Hamlet and his mother. "How now! A rat? Dead, for a ducat, dead!" King Hamlet was the King of Denmark, and Hamlet's father. He had killed King Fortinbras, only to be killed by his brother, Claudius. "?My offense is rank, it smells to heaven; A brother's murder?" Each of these events effected the sons of the deceased in the same way, it enraged them. Every one of the three eldest sons had one thing in common, they all wanted revenge for a slaughtered father. In the time in which this play is set, avenging the murder of a father was part of one's honor, and had to be done. All of the three sons swore vengeance, and then acted towards getting revenge for the deaths of their fathers. Young Fortinbras was deeply enraged by the death of his father, and he wanted revenge against Denmark because of this occurrence. Fortinbras wanted to, by force, regain the lands that had been lost by his father to Denmark. "?Now sir, young Fortinbras?as it doth well appear unto our state-but to recover of us, by strong hand and terms compulsative, those foresaid lands so by his father lost?" Claudius sends messengers to talk to Fortinbras' uncle, the new King of Norway. He forbid Fortinbras to attack Denmark, and instead convinced him to attack the Poles to vent his anger. "?His nephew's levies, which to him appear'd to be a preparation 'gainst the Polack; But better look'd into, he truly found it was against your highness?On Fortinbras; which he, in brief, obeys, receives rebuke from Norway, and, in fine, makes vow before his uncle never more to give the assay of arms against your majesty." Laertes found out about his father's death, and immediately returned home. He confronted the King and accused him of the murder of his father. Claudius told Laertes that Hamlet was responsible for his father's death. He then decides to kill Hamlet to avenge the death of his father. He and Claudius concoct a plot to kill Hamlet. Hamlet dies of wounds from the poisoned tipped sword Laertes used. "?Hamlet, thou art slain?The treacherous instrument is in thy, unbated and envenom'd?" Hamlet was deeply sorrowed by his father's death. He spoke to a ghost, and this ghost stated that his father's death was a murder, by the hand of his uncle, Claudius. "The serpent that did sting thy father's life now wears his crown." Hamlet was astonished, and then swore vengeance for his father's death. He then proceeded to try and prove his uncle's guilt, and then finally kills him while he himself is dying of poisoned wounds inflicted by Laertes during their duel. "The point envenomed too! Then venom, to thy work?Here, thou incestuous, murderous, damned Dane, drink off this potion,-is thy union here? Follow my mother." This left the King dead, and his father's death avenged. The lack of thought used in exacting the revenge led to the deaths of both Laertes and Hamlet. Laertes planned with Claudius to kill Hamlet with the poisoned tipped sword,

Financial Analysis of Pakistan International Airlines Essays

Financial Analysis of Pakistan International Airlines Essays Financial Analysis of Pakistan International Airlines Essay Financial Analysis of Pakistan International Airlines Essay Submitted by Chemical Engineer Adnan Khalid Submitted to : Dr rashid Ahmed Institute Of Business and Management, UET, Lahore. PAKISTAN INTERNATION AIRLINES Back ground and History Airline Industry General Environmental Analysis The airline industry is very stable and unlikely to change in the near future. There are many reasons for this. Air travel continues to grow and will continue in this fashion as long as the economy stays in an upward trend. US domestic air traffic grew 2. 3% in 1999 and 3. 5% in the first six months of 2000 according to Air Transportation Association. The percentage of flyers has increased an average of 2% each year and the percentage of people who have ever flown before increased from 73% in 1993 to 81% in 1997. (Airport Transport Association, Internet). The top three reasons that people fly are business trips (47%), visiting relatives (38%) and going on vacation (13%). Most airline revenues are gained from the fares they charge these passengers, but they also earn ancillary revenues from transporting mail, shipping freight, selling in-flight services and from serving alcoholic beverages (Airport Transportation Association, Internet). The primary target market of airline passengers today is the business traveler because business trips account for the majority (47%) of airline flights. Airline industry has been subject of intense price competition since it was deregulated, and the result has been a number of new carriers which specialize in regional service and no-frills operations. These carriers typically purchase older aircraft and often operate outside the industry-wide computerized reservations system. In exchange for these inconveniences, passengers receive low fares relative to the industry as a whole. This research examines two low fare air carriers, ValuJet and Southwest Airlines. By investigating these air carriers, we can better understand the economic impacts of price versus service in the airline industry as a whole, as well as, the impacts on passenger and investor confidence. Until 1978, air transport rates were approved by the government, which meant that price was not a primary competitive factor. Instead, airlines would compete on service and image. : The airline industry was dominated by giants (American, United, and TWA) which offered nationwide and some international service, and by regional carriers, such as Southwest, which offered short trips between airports not served by the nationals. 1 MARKET INFORMAITON DIRECTORS REPORT TO THE SHAREHOLDERS The Directors are pleased to report that the airline has earned a pre-tax profit of Rs. 1. 5 billion in the first quarter of 2003 as against a profit of 1. 1 billion in the first quarter of 2002. Total revenue for the quarter amount 13. 05 billion as against Rs. 197 billion in the corresponding quarter showing an over all increase of 9% over the same period last year. Expenses for the current quarter amounting to Rs. 11. 07 billion indicate an increase of 8% over Rs. 10. 2 billion expenditure last year. This is mainly due to increase in fuel prices in the international markets and an ad hoc provision for increase in employees salaries and allowances. Issue of Term Finance Certificates (TFCs) As reported in the Annual Report 2004 the airline launched Term Finance Certificates (TFCs) for Rs. 15. 14 billion in February 2004. The issue was the largest in the history of Pakistan financial market. Despite the size, the issue was over subscribed up to the extent of 40% showing confidence in the policies followed by the airline Management. The airline has utilized the money wised through TFCs to pay off bridge financing of Rs. 7. 73 billion borrowed earlier. The airline has also liquidated its liabilities towards employees fund over due creditors amounting to Rs. 4. 27 billion Market Development In the first quarter the airline has increased passenger capacity by 10% over same period last year. In the international markets passenger capacity has been increased by 6% and domestic markets by 8%. Capacity for Hajjis for Hajj 2003. This year airline was successful in operating Hajj flights for 108,000 Hajjis as compared to 91,000 in 2002. The airline achieved passenger growth of 7% in the first quarter of 2003 over the same period last year. Increase in the international as well domestic markets excluding Hajj was up to the extent of 4%. The airline has also been able to float excess cargo capacity and increase its utilization. Cargo capacity was increased by 9 % whereas its utilization was 23% over last year the same quarter. PIAS SUBSIDIARIES + ASSOCIATED COMPANIES PIAS SUBSIDIARIES 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. PIA Holdings (Pvt. ) Limited Duty Free Shops Limited International Advertising (Pvt. ) Limited Skyrooms (Pvt ) Limited Airport Hotel, Karachi Airport PIA Shaver Poultry Breeding Farms (Pvt) Limited Midway House (Pvt. ) Limited Hotel Midway House, Karachi Airport ASSOCIATED COMPAN IES (Overseas) 1. 2. 3. 4. PIA Investments Limited Minhal incorporated Pakistan Pakistan Services Limited Pakistan Tourism Development Corporation Limited. 3 PIA Domestic Route Map 4 WEIGHTED AVERAGE COST OF CAPITAL Capital Assets Pricing Model CAPM is a model based on proposition that my stocks required rate of return is equal to the risk free rate of return plus a risk premium, where risk reflects diversification. Portfolio Returns: The expected return on a portfolio k^p is simply the weighted average of the expected returns on the individual stocks in the portfolio, with the weights being the fraction of the total portfolio invested in each stock K^p = W1K^1 + W2K^2 + W3K^3 + - + WnK^n The portfolio return of Askari Bank is as follows K^p = 0. 16(88. 67%)+ 0. 16(1. 4%)+ 0. 16(7. 2%) + 0. 16(2. 716%) = 15. 9 % 5 Correlation Co-efficient (r): A measure of the degree of relationship between the two variables The stock will be perfectly negative correlated when one stock move up and other stock or security move down, move in the opposite direction R = -1. 0 Perfectly positively correlated stocks would move up and down altogether R = +1. 0 Cost of Debt Financing Debt financing is when a creditor decides to loan funds in exchange for reimbursement in the future with accumulated interest. Debt financing is generally considered smart because debtors to not surrender any ownership interests in their business. Debt financing comes in two forms, secured and unsecured A secured loan is an agreement to pay the debt back at a later date. If the debtor ever defaults on the loan agreement, then the creditor can recover their money by confiscating the property or asset used to secure the debt. An unsecured loan is also a promise to payoff a debt. An unsecured loan differs from a secured loan because u don’t have to grant the creditor interest in any specific property to support the promise. In case if bankruptcy, the unsecured creditor is frequently the last to be paid if the borrower runs into difficulties. 6 Cost of Debt financing In Pakistan Outside Pakistan 006 15,532,870 370,185 15,903,055 2005 11,038,399 422,535 11,460,934 Particulars of borrowing from financial institutions In local currency In foreign currency 15,532,870 370,185 15,903,055 11,038,399 422,535 11,460,934 Details of bowering from Financial Institutions In Pakistan local currency Secured Borrowing from State bank of Pakistan under export refinance scheme Unsecured Call borro wings 90,000 15,532,870 220,000 11,038,399 7,328,515 8,114,325 3,392,329 7,426,070 Outside Pakistan – foreign currency Overdrawn accounts unsecured 370,185 15,903,055 422,535 11, 460, 93 7 Cost of Equity Financing Equity financing employee’s stock ownership plans. The company issues stocks to get the money. In return the company gives dividends and interest to them. Authorized Capital 150,000,000 ordinary shares of Rs. 10 each 2006 1,500,000 2005 1,500,000 Issued, subscribed paid up 67,500,000 ordinary shares of Rs. 10 each issued for cash 675,000 675,000 46,667,943 ordinary shares of Rs. 10 each issued as fully paid Bonus shares 466,680 1,141,680 412,314 1,087,314 GROWTH ANALYSIS OF PIA 8 TOTAL ASSETS Rupees in million 90,000 80,000 70,000 60,000 50,980 50,000 40,000 30,000 20,000 10,000 0 70,313 5,387 Assets 2004 2005 2006 Total assets of PIA in 2004 were 50,980 million which increased to 70,313 million in 2005 which further increased to 85,387 million in 2006. The growth rate was about 38% in 2004and was about 21. 44% in 2006. TOTAL LIABILITIES 9 Rupees in millions 90,000 80,340 80,000 70,000 60,000 50,000 40,000 30,000 20,000 10,000 0 48,402 66,140 Liabiliies 2004 2005 2006 Liabili ties in 2004 were 48,402 which increased to 66,140 in year 2005and they further increased to 80,340 in year 2006. The growth rate in 2005 was 36. 65% and in 2006 it was about 21. 50 %. Although there is increase in liabilities in these three years but the growth rate reveals that as compared to 2005 the percentage increase is quite low in 2006. SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY Rupees in million 10 1,160 1,142 1,140 1,120 1,100 1,080 1,060 1,040 1,020 1,000 980 1,036 1,087 Equity 2004 2005 2006 Shareholders’ equity in 2004 was 1,036 and there was a slight increase in 2005 up to 1,087. The equity increased to 1,142 in 2006. The growth rate shows 4. 92% increase in 2005 and about 5. 06% increase in 2006. The percentage increase in 2005 is more than the percentage increase in 2004. NET INCOME 11 Rupees in Million 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0 2004 2005 551 687 1,103 Net income 2006 Net income means the income or the profit available to shareholders after taxation. Net profit in 2004 was 551 which increased to 24. 68% i. e. to 687 in 2005 and 60. 55% i. e. 1,103 in 2006. OPERATING INCOME 12 Rupees in million 2,000 1,500 1,244 1,000 500 0 2004 2005 1,008 1,902 Operating income 2006 Operating in come means earnings before interest and taxation (EBIT). EBIT in 2004 was about 1,008, in 2005 it was about 1,244 and in 2006 it was about 1,902. Growth analysis reveals 23. 1% increase in earnings in 200 and 52. 89% in 2006. 13 EARNINGS PER SHARE Figures in Rupee 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 9. 66 6. 32 5. 3 Earnings per share 2004 2005 2006 EPS= NP / Numbers of equity share Earnings per share (EPS) in 2004 were 5. 3 which increased by 19. 24% in 2005 and 52. 85 % in 2006, which is due to 60. 55 % boost in the net profit in year 2006. 14 TAXATION Rupees in Million 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 2004 2005 458 557 799 Taxation 2006 Taxation in 2004was 7, 99 which is 43. 45 % more than 2005. And taxation in 2005 was 557 which was 21. 62 % more than 2006. The increased rate of axation is due to increase in net profit. 15 RATIOS OF PIA Liquidity ratio CURRENT RATIO = CURRENT ASSETS CURRENT LIABILITIES = 4. 48 TIMES = 4. 18 TIMES 2004 2005 This ratio shows that the current ratio of PIA decline and the difference of 0. 3 comes up . DEBT MANAGEMENT RATIOS DEBT RATIO = TOTAL DEBT TOTAL ASSETS 2004 2005 = 17. 8 % = 20% The debt includes both current liabilities and long term debt . This debt ratio shows that PIA has taken more loans as compared to previous year. TIMES INTEREST EARNED (TIE) RATIO = EBIT INTEREST CHARGES 16 2004 2005 = 1. 36 times = 2. 98 times The TIE ratio measures the extent to which operating income can decline before the firm is unable to meet its annual interest costs. PROFITABILITY RATIO Profitability is the net result of a number of policies and decisions . The profitability ratios show the combined effects of liquidity, assets management and debt management on operating results. BASIC EARNING POWER (BEP) = EBIT TOTAL ASSETS 2005 2006 =2. 1 % = 2. 79 % This ratio shows the raw earning power of the firm’s assets before the influence of taxes and leverage and it is useful for comparing AIRLINE with different tax situations and different degrees of financial leverage. There is increase in earning power ratio because in 2005 it was 2. 1 percent which in 2006 increased to 2. 79 percent. RETURN ON TOTAL ASSETS = NET INCOME TOTAL ASSETS 17 2005 2006 = 1. 1% = 1. 4 % RETURN ON COMMON EQUITY = NET INCOME COMMON EQUITY 2005 2006 = 20. 3 % = 23. 9 % The return on the total assets and common equity has increased . MARKET VALUE RATIOS PRICE / EARNING (P/E) RATIO = PRICE PER SHARE EARNINGS PER SHARE 2005 2006 = 4. 46 TIMES = 5. 33 TIMES 18 RATIOS OF PIA Liquidity ratio CURRENT RATIO = CURRENT ASSETS CURRENT LIABILITIES = 2971418 1171755 = 2. 53 TIMES . AEROASIA current ratio is below average . Its liquidity position is relatively weak . DEBT MANAGEMENT RATIOS DEBT RATIO=TOTAL DEBT TOTAL ASSETS = 13589590 67328388 = 20. 1 % TIMES INTEREST EARNED (TIE) RATIO= EBIT INTEREST CHARGES =10 TIMES. The AEROASIA is covering its interest charges by a high margin of safety. 19 PROFITABILITY RATIOS BASIC EARNING POWER (BEP)= EBIT TOTAL ASSETS = 153588 2608454 = 5. 8% RETURN ON TOTAL ASSETS = NET INCOME TOTAL ASSETS = 669447 67328 = 9. 9 % The AEROASIA return on total assets is perfect. RETURN ON COMMON EQUITY = NET INCOME COMMON EQUITY = 669447 4125711 = 16. 2 % 20 MARKET VALUE RATIOS PRICE / EARNING (P/E) RATIO= PRICE PER SHARE = 10 EARNINGS PER SHARE 2. 63 = 3. 8 TIMES. CORPORATE ACHIEVEMENTS FOR ACBL Winning isnt everything, its the only thing. Amidst tough competition, our efforts to go an extra mile in providing superior services to our customers have been acknowledged at the national as well as international levels. These acknowledgements serve as a great source of encouragement and appreciation at one hand and inspire us to perform even better, on the other. PIA has been honored with the THE BEST AIRLINE 21 Common size balance sheet For the years Ended December31,2005and2006. DESCRIPTIONS 2005 % Assets: Cash and balances with treasury banks Balances with other banks Lendings to financial institutions Investments Advances Other Assets Operating fixed Assets Defferred tax assets Liabilities: Bills payables Borrowings from financial institutions Deposits and other accounts Sub-ordinated loans Liabilities against assets subject to lease Other liabilities Deferred tax liabilities Net Assets Represented by: Share capital Reserves Unappropriated profit Surplus on revaluation of assets- net of tax Note: Percentages are calculated by taking group total as base . . 82% 3. 10 6. 75 25. 80 52. 44 1. 67 2. 31 1. 21 19. 75 76. 74 0. 040 1. 190 1. 007 2006 % 7. 59% 1. 85 4. 85 38. 02 42. 7 2. 58 2. 36 0. 91 17. 32 78. 21 0. 0024 1. 493 1. 96 22. 62 54. 67 22. 65 26. 05 46. 47 27. 40 22 Common size profit and loss account For the years Ended December31, 2005and2006 DERIPTIONS 2005 % Mark up/ return/ interest earned 170. 76% Mark up/ return/ interest expense 57. 8 Net mar k up/ interest income 112. 53 Provisions against non performing loans and 12. advances Provisions for diminution in the value of investments 100 Bad debts written off directly Net mark up / interest income after provisions 21. 95 Non mark up /interest income: 1. 57 Fee, commission and brokerage income 4. 72 Dividend income 11. 67 Income from dealing in foreign currencies 39. 97 Other income Total non markup/interest income 60. 20 Non mark up/ interest expense: Administrative expenses 0. 051 Other provisions/ written offs 60. 25 Other charges Total non mark up/ interest expenses 36. 2 Profit before taxation: Taxation – current (3. 16) prior year`s deferred Profit after taxation: 46. 23 Unappropriated profit b/f Profit available for appropriation Appropriation: 9. 24 Transfer to: 9. 57 Statutory reserves 4. 70 Proposed cash dividends (Rs 2 per share) 22. 63 Capital reserves(reserves for bonus shares issuance) Revenue reserves Note: Earnings per share has increased by 62% as compared with previous year. And percentages are calculated by taking net mark up/ interest income as 2006 % 325. 5% 202. 6 123. 53 23. 5 0. 002610 100 27. 97 1. 80 12. 20 14. 77 56. 75 73. 15 0. 143 73. 25 29. 50 8. 060 46. 009 9. 21 14. 50 3. 23 19. 05 23 Conclusion Although there is a NOW A LOT OF COMPETITION IN AIRLINES BUT EVEN THAN IN PAKISATN PIA IS LEADING AIRLINE It is successfully achieving its targets and that is the main reason that this airline is growing day by day and doing a profitable business. They should provide good services to their costumers. Better food Re commendations 24

Electronic Medical Record (EMR) Systems Research Paper

Electronic Medical Record (EMR) Systems - Research Paper Example Though there are systematic reviews concluding that EMRs have the potential to reduce medication errors, save clinicians’ time, promote adherence to evidence-based guidelines in management of various health conditions, and improve patient safety; adoption of EMR systems is still low in health care setting (Jones, & Blavin, 2013; King, Patel, Jamoom, & Furukawa, 2014). According to Jones, and Blavin (2013), only 1.5% of the non-federal acute care facilities had a comprehensive electronic health record system in 2008 while only 7.6% had installed basic EMR. To facilitate widespread adoption and utilization of HITs, the Congress passed the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health (HITECH) provisions of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009, with an overarching aim of enhancing the efficiency, quality as well as safety of the American health care system (Silow-Carroll, Edwards, & Rodin, 2012). Through Medicaid and Medicare EHR programs, HITECH av ails financial incentives to eligible health care providers and hospitals that adopt and demonstrate meaningful use of the health information technology. The meaningful use legislation seems to be associated with increased adoption and implementation of EHR systems in various health care settings. For instance, in the year 2012, about 17% of non-federal acute care health care centers reported to be using a comprehensive EHR system while 27.6% reported to have adopted a basic EHR system.

History Education in Primary Schools Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

History Education in Primary Schools - Essay Example The pedagogical imperative of such historic education was to harbor conformity, rather than the modern notion of enabling critical though. 1 Colonialism and the World Wars brought about a change in how history would be taught, especially after Education became the state’s function. The emphasis then shifted towards a nationalistic approach of teaching history, what we term as propaganda. We now we live in an era where history is studied in a global context, with the supplementary aim of creating a sense of multiculturalism and diversity. Among the roles of history education, especially in the current context of increased cross cultural interaction, the role of History Education includes: 2 Schools as Social transmitters Promoting active Citizenship Making History Real Promoting Positive Values The same study suggests that debate on the role of history education usually occurs on: Nature of truth Tempering truth Avoiding Moral Relativity While the methodology and focus of histo ry education might be a matter of debate, the importance of this area of study remains uncontested, particularly from a functional aspect. FOCUS OF HISTORY EDUCATION: The focus of history education has often been a matter of debate between politicians and the academia, the crux of which has primarily been the purpose of teaching history. Politicians like the British education secretary, Michael Gove3, claim that the purpose of history education is to inculcate a sense of nationalism in the students so that they are in touch with their political and cultural roots. A score of policy makers believe that the history currently being taught in schools deviates from important British history and is more inclined towards European history and global events. This would obviously imply trimming and framing the curriculum with selected facts and information that would reinforce patriotic sentiments in the targeted students. Academians like Dr Marcus Collins, of Loughborough University, claim t hat such a selective approach of history education is reminiscent of a subtle form of propaganda, that has been a feature of undemocratic nations. This school of thought believes that the most pressing issue with history education isn’t the curriculum, but the amount of time that is devoted to teaching history. Where history education should be made compulsory to higher levels of education, policymakers are bent towards further curtailing the time that is allotted to teaching history. If this notion is translated to educational policies, then history education will indeed become impotent in imparting the necessary analytical skill set it sought out to cater to. It is believed that British history cannot be isolated from European history as much of Britain’s political activity took place beyond its borders, across continents. This debate is part of the government’s frustration over the liberal academic approach that is prevalent in schools, citing a lack of focus and discipline as major issues. As a consequence, the government4 has erected a new program where military officials will be planted as teachers in school to maintain decorum and cement a more focused approach to teaching with the notion of the ‘

Automatically Start Services. Tracing A Vishing Voip Phone Number Essay

Automatically Start Services. Tracing A Vishing Voip Phone Number - Essay Example Additionally, that is supportive for applications that we utilize frequently, however for it is not useful for the applications that we hardly ever or never utilize (Microsoft Corporation1, 2012; Microsoft2, 2012). In addition, when we start our Windows system, shortcuts to applications contained in our start-up program folder are opened automatically. In this scenario, the majority of installed applications include a shortcut to this applications folder as an element of their installation procedure. For instance, if we have a Microsoft Office application installed on our system, there is a chance that we will discover a shortcut to the Office toolbar that is stored in this folder. Additionally, a number of system and application programs load instantly are externally helpful, in view of the fact that the majority of them placed in the start-up applications folder are more ambiguous and almost certainly not of much use on a daily basis (Microsoft Corporation1, 2012; Microsoft2, 2012) . Moreover, during the process of system booting, the SCM initiates the entire auto start system services as well as the other supportive disk check up, devices check-up, and memory scans services on which they depend. For instance, if an auto-start system service relies on a demand system start service, the demand-start service is as well initiated automatically. In this scenario, after a successful system start, the system saves a replica of the applications, programs and services in a database that is acknowledged as the last known good (LKG) configuration. The system is able to restore this replica of the database if transformations are formulated to the active database cause the windows system fails to reboot (Microsoft3, 2012; Microsoft2, 2012). Furthermore, a windows operating system contains a self test program that is used to provide the power to make sure that the volume as well as present levels are correct prior to the power good indication is transmitted to the processo r. When this primary stage is finished, the microprocessor will then start processing and initiates the BIOS to carry out a series of activities. In addition, after this kind of checkups control is sent to partition loader code that checks the partition table in order to recognize the primary, extended and active partition. After this operating system loader file NTLDR switches the system processor from real system working mode to 32bit protected system working mode where we have memory paging enabled (Adroit Data Recovery Centre Pte Ltd, 2010). DQ2: VoIP tracing Discuss how can you trace a vishing VoIP phone number The capability to imitate or mask a wide variety of caller IDs is mainly significant to phishers. Actually, by making changes to caller IDs and data, they can be able to support their social engineering story and make it harder to track and find out the major source of a vishing attack. In this scenario, a VoIP (Voice over IP-telephony) service that supports Internet pho nes to make use of local dialling code (POP) or point of presence exit points (for example a phone number inside the similar regional calling code can be able to likewise augment the accomplishment of a VoIP security based attack (Ollmann, 2007; Reardon, 2009). In addition, by simply increasing this capability to put an Internet call from somewhere in the